{"id":10616,"date":"2025-03-18T18:46:53","date_gmt":"2025-03-18T22:46:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/?p=10616"},"modified":"2025-03-18T18:46:53","modified_gmt":"2025-03-18T22:46:53","slug":"the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/","title":{"rendered":"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The rock-cut Midas Monument at Midas City, about 150 km west of Gordion, appears to reproduce the kind of megarons that were in operation in Iron Age Phrygia. In a 2023 article in the <em>AJA<\/em>, Geoffrey Summers argued that the Midas Monument was carved in the early sixth century BCE, when the surrounding area was under Lydian control. In this note, we address his arguments in detail and maintain that the available evidence supports a late eighth-century BCE date for the carving of the Midas Monument, when Midas served as king of Phrygia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The rock-cut Midas Monument at Midas City, about 150 km west of Gordion, appears to reproduce the kind of megarons that were in operation in Iron Age Phrygia. In a 2023 article in the AJA, Geoffrey Summers argued that the Midas Monument was carved in the early sixth century BCE, when the surrounding area was [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10619,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[906],"tags":[4,10,20,962],"issues":[960],"region":[901],"class_list":["post-10616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archaeological-note","tag-inscriptions","tag-architecture","tag-ironage","tag-chronology","issues-960","region-turkey-central-turkey"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City | April 2025 (129.2) | American Journal of Archaeology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City | April 2025 (129.2) | American Journal of Archaeology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The rock-cut Midas Monument at Midas City, about 150 km west of Gordion, appears to reproduce the kind of megarons that were in operation in Iron Age Phrygia. In a 2023 article in the AJA, Geoffrey Summers argued that the Midas Monument was carved in the early sixth century BCE, when the surrounding area was [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"American Journal of Archaeology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aja.journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-03-18T22:46:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"website\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"website\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"website\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/person\/f93c211048ad920b94c1e8abdb2053f0\"},\"headline\":\"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-03-18T22:46:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\"},\"wordCount\":105,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Inscriptions\",\"Architecture\",\"Iron Age\",\"Chronology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Archaeological Note\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\",\"name\":\"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City | April 2025 (129.2) | American Journal of Archaeology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-03-18T22:46:53+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":1000,\"caption\":\"The Midas Monument at Midas City (C.B. Rose; courtesy Penn Museum Gordion Project).\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/\",\"name\":\"American Journal of Archaeology\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#organization\",\"name\":\"American Journal of Archaeology\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/new-logo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/new-logo.svg\",\"width\":383,\"height\":65,\"caption\":\"American Journal of Archaeology\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aja.journal\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/person\/f93c211048ad920b94c1e8abdb2053f0\",\"name\":\"website\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454a368f1f2897d66c2307056013fc288bd8545a64efddeb560bc4e24b31c669?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454a368f1f2897d66c2307056013fc288bd8545a64efddeb560bc4e24b31c669?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"website\"},\"description\":\"AIA web developer\/manager\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/author\/website\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City | April 2025 (129.2) | American Journal of Archaeology","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City | April 2025 (129.2) | American Journal of Archaeology","og_description":"The rock-cut Midas Monument at Midas City, about 150 km west of Gordion, appears to reproduce the kind of megarons that were in operation in Iron Age Phrygia. In a 2023 article in the AJA, Geoffrey Summers argued that the Midas Monument was carved in the early sixth century BCE, when the surrounding area was [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/","og_site_name":"American Journal of Archaeology","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aja.journal","article_published_time":"2025-03-18T22:46:53+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":1000,"url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"website","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"website","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/"},"author":{"name":"website","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/person\/f93c211048ad920b94c1e8abdb2053f0"},"headline":"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City","datePublished":"2025-03-18T22:46:53+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/"},"wordCount":105,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png","keywords":["Inscriptions","Architecture","Iron Age","Chronology"],"articleSection":["Archaeological Note"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/","url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/","name":"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City | April 2025 (129.2) | American Journal of Archaeology","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png","datePublished":"2025-03-18T22:46:53+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Rose_note.png","width":1000,"height":1000,"caption":"The Midas Monument at Midas City (C.B. Rose; courtesy Penn Museum Gordion Project)."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archaeological-note\/the-citadel-of-gordion-and-the-dating-of-the-midas-monument-at-midas-city\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Citadel of Gordion and the Dating of the Midas Monument at Midas City"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/","name":"American Journal of Archaeology","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#organization","name":"American Journal of Archaeology","url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/new-logo.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/new-logo.svg","width":383,"height":65,"caption":"American Journal of Archaeology"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aja.journal"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/person\/f93c211048ad920b94c1e8abdb2053f0","name":"website","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454a368f1f2897d66c2307056013fc288bd8545a64efddeb560bc4e24b31c669?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/454a368f1f2897d66c2307056013fc288bd8545a64efddeb560bc4e24b31c669?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"website"},"description":"AIA web developer\/manager","sameAs":["https:\/\/ajaonline.org"],"url":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/author\/website\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10616"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10621,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10616\/revisions\/10621"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10616"},{"taxonomy":"issues","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/issues?post=10616"},{"taxonomy":"region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/region?post=10616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}