{"id":3915,"date":"2013-07-08T14:04:05","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T14:04:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ajaonline.org\/book\/references\/"},"modified":"2025-04-07T18:08:46","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T22:08:46","slug":"references","status":"publish","type":"book","link":"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/submissions\/references\/","title":{"rendered":"Bibliographical References and Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Manuscripts end with a list of all works cited, in alphabetical order by last name of first author. The exceptions are Standard Reference Works<\/a>. Sample citations are provided below. See also\u00a0Chicago Manual of Style <\/em>(18th ed.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notes may consist of discussion only, discussion and bibliographical citation, or bibliographical citation only. Bibliographical citations in notes should appear in chronological order and be drawn from the list of works cited. These citations should consist of the author\u2019s last name, the year of publication, and relevant inclusive pages, sections, figures, plates, etc. Each note should not exceed 200 words. No in-text citations should be used, except for references to primary ancient sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliographic references to electronic sources should follow the format for printed sources as closely as possible, with sufficient information provided to allow readers to locate original documents or sources of information. If printed versions of electronic sources exist, references should be made to the most recent and complete version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notes with Bibliographical Citations Only<\/summary>\n

Notes containing no supplementary information should be formatted as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Single-Volume Works Cited<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> Thomas 2005, 536\u201337.
2<\/sup> Quatember 2011, pl. 112.
3<\/sup> Corbier 2006, 29 n. 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple-Volume Works Cited<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> Maran 1998, 1:8\u20139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple Works Cited<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> Carlisle 1998, 265\u201387; see also Margreth 1993; Balzer 1996, 164\u201382.
2<\/sup> Margreth 1993; Balzar 1996, 164\u201382; Leigh 1998, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Multiple References to the Same Work or Author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> Lancaster 1998, 1999.
2<\/sup> Davis 2001, 47\u2013106; 2006, 306.
3<\/sup> Hamilton 2007a, 2007b.
4<\/sup> Geagan 1995a, 16\u201320, 42.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Notes with Discussion and Bibliographical Citations<\/summary>\n

Notes containing secondary discussion in addition to source documentation should be formatted in the author-date style as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1<\/sup> Hallager (1996, 235) notes that the four \u201cclassic\u201d nodule types had not yet appeared in MM II\u2013III.
2<\/sup> The inscription has been dated by Robert (1966, 108\u201318; cf. Rouech\u00e9 1993, 163) to the first century CE on the basis of the script.
3<\/sup> Smith (2006, 25) follows the same line of reasoning as Hall 2001, 56.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Supra and Infra References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When it is necessary to have cross-referenced notes, use \u201csupra\u201d and \u201cinfra\u201d (without italics) instead of \u201cabove\u201d and \u201cbelow\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31<\/sup> Although no paintings have been reported in Room X (supra n. 22), remains of wall paintings were found on the floor of neighboring Room S (Miller 1996, 54).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following should not be used: ad loc., ibid, idem, inter alia, loc. cit., op. cit., passim.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

AJA Abbreviations<\/summary>\n

See the list of AJA abbreviations<\/a> of titles of standard reference works, journals, and book series. Abbreviations of ancient authors and works should follow those listed in OCD<\/em>3<\/sup> xxix\u2013liv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Standard Reference Works<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

An abbreviated format is used to cite selected standard reference works. These works should be referenced in the notes following the formatting examples below and may be omitted from the list of works cited:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABV<\/em>, 255, no. 4 (for J.D. Beazley, Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters<\/em> [Oxford 1956], p. 255, item 4)
CIL <\/em>1(2) 327  (for Corpus inscriptionum latinarum<\/em>, vol. 1, pt. 2, inscription no. 327)
IG <\/em>22<\/sup> 65, line 23 (for Inscriptiones graecae<\/em>, vol. 2, second edition, inscription no. 65, line 23)
RE <\/em>11:1229, s.v. \u201cTimandra 1\u201d (for A. Pauly and G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclop\u00e4die der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft <\/em>[1893\u20131978], vol. 11, p. 1229, under the word \u201cTimandra 1\u201d)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal and Series Titles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal or series titles that appear in the AJA Abbreviations should be written in abbreviated form in the list of works cited:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pi\u00e9rart, M. 2006. \u201cTravaux de l\u2019\u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Ath\u00e9nes en 2005: Argos. L\u2019agora.\u201d BCH <\/em>130:708\u201313. (BCH = Bulletin de correspondance hell\u00e9nique<\/em>)
Buitron-Oliver, D. 1996. The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates at Kourion: Excavations in the Archaic Precinct. SIMA <\/em>109. Jonsered: Paul \u00c5str\u00f6ms F\u00f6rlag. (SIMA = Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology<\/em>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The corresponding bibliographic citation(s) in the notes should follow the AJA\u2019s standard format.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Page Numbers<\/summary>\n

Do not use abbreviations such as f. or ff. for \u201cfollowing page(s)\u201d; inclusive page references, separated by an en-dash, must be cited thus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  7\u201314<\/td>100\u20134<\/td>523\u201329<\/td><\/tr>
  46\u201348<\/td>112\u201314<\/td>1004\u20137<\/td><\/tr>
  89\u2013112<\/td>201\u201316<\/td>1396\u2013430<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Inclusive Roman numerals should be given in full:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

xxii\u2013xxxviii                    cvi\u2013cix<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Books<\/summary>\n

The works cited list entry is given first, followed by the note entry:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One Author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dyson, S.L. 1985. The Creation of the Roman Frontier<\/em>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1<\/sup> Dyson 1985, 86.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two or More Authors<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akkermans, P.M.M.G., and G. Schwartz. 2007. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1<\/sup> Akkermans and Schwartz 2007, 255.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hunter, J., C. Roberts, and A. Martin. 1997. Studies in Crime: An Introduction to Forensic Archaeology<\/em>. New York: Routledge.
1<\/sup> Hunter et al. 1997, 46\u201351.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editor or Translator as Author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pic\u00f3n, C.A., ed. 2007. Art of the Classical World in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Greece, Cyprus, Etruria, Rome<\/em>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1<\/sup> Pic\u00f3n 2007, 409\u201310.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McIntosh, R.J., J.A. Tainter, and S.K. McIntosh, eds. 2000. The Way the Wind Blows: Climate, History, and Human Action<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press.
1<\/sup> McIntosh et al. 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sommerstein, A.H., ed. and trans. 1982. Clouds<\/em>. Comedies of Aristophanes 3. Chicago: Bolchazy-Carducci.
1<\/sup> Sommerstein 1982, 162 n. 52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editor or Translator with Author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaltsas, N. 2002. Sculpture in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens<\/em>. Translated by D. Hardy. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum.
1<\/sup> Kaltsas 2002, cat. no. 48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Droysen, J.G. 1996. \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Translated by R. Apostolides. Athens: Trapeza Pisteos.
1<\/sup> Droysen 1996, table 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Organization or Association as Author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c9cole Fran\u00e7aise de Rome. 1995. Les Grecs et l\u2019<\/em><\/em><\/em>Occident: Actes du colloque de la villa \u201c<\/em>K\u00e9rylos\u201d<\/em> (24\u201325 octobre 1991). C\u00c9FR<\/em> 208. Rome: \u00c9cole Fran\u00e7aise de Rome.
1<\/sup> \u00c9cole Fran\u00e7aise de Rome 1995, 142\u201351.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book in a Series (with series in AJA Abbreviations)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buitron-Oliver, D. 1996. The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates at Kourion: Excavations in the Archaic Precinct. SIMA<\/em> 109. Jonsered: Paul \u00c5str\u00f6ms F\u00f6rlag.
1<\/sup> Buitron-Oliver 1996, 55\u201357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book in a series (with series not in AJA Abbreviations)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bonghi Jovino, M., ed. 2001. Tarquinia: Testimonianze archeologiche e ricostruzione storica. Scavi sistemativi nell\u2019<\/em>abitato. Campagne 1982\u20131988<\/em>. Tarchna 1. Rome: L\u2019Erma di Bretschneider.
1<\/sup> Bonghi Jovino 2001, 55\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book in more than one edition<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reitz, E.J., and E.S. Wing. 2008. Zooarchaeology<\/em>. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1<\/sup> Reitz and Wing 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gros, P., and M. Torelli. 2007. Storia dell\u2019<\/em>urbanistica: Il mondo romano<\/em>. Rev. ed. Rome and Bari: Laterza.
1<\/sup> Gros and Torelli 2007, 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book in more than one volume (citing the work as a whole)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kiderlen, M. 1995. Megale Oikia: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung aufwendiger griechischer Stadthausarchitektur. Von der Fr\u00fcharchaik bis ins 3. Jhr. v. Chr.<\/em> 2 vols. H\u00fcrth: Martin Lange.
1<\/sup> Kiderlen 1995, 1:247.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book in more than one volume (citing a particular volume)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Caminos, R.A. 1998. Semna-Kumma<\/em>. Vol. 2, The Temple of Kumma<\/em>. London: Egypt Exploration Society.
1<\/sup> Caminos 1998, 100\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One volume in two or more books<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Evans, A.J. 1928. The Palace of Minos at Knossos<\/em>. Vol. 2, pt. 2. London: Macmillan.
1<\/sup> Evans 1928, 131\u201335.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book in preparation for publication or in press<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shaw, J.W. Forthcoming. The Palatial Style in Minoan Architecture<\/em>. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press.
1<\/sup> Shaw (forthcoming, 148).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reprint edition<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sontag, S. 2002. Reprint. On Photography<\/em>. London: Penguin. Original edition, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977.
1<\/sup> Sontag 2002, 15.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Parts of Books<\/summary>\n

Chapters or other titled parts of a book<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snodgrass, A. 1990. \u201cSurvey Archaeology and the Rural Landscape of the Greek City.\u201d In The Greek City from Homer to Alexander<\/em>, edited by O. Murray and S. Price, 113\u201336. Oxford: Oxford University Press and Clarendon Press.
1<\/sup> Snodgrass 1990, 113\u201319.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e4gg, R. 1998. \u201cOsteology and Greek Sacrificial Practice.\u201d In Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence<\/em>, edited by R. H\u00e4gg, 49\u201356. ActaAth <\/em>8\u00ba, 15. Stockholm: Paul \u00c5str\u00f6ms F\u00f6rlag.
1<\/sup> H\u00e4gg 1998, fig. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chapter originally published elsewhere<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Markle, M.M. 1999. \u201cLa sarisse mac\u00e9donienne, la lance et l\u2019\u00e9quipement connexe.\u201d In La guerre en Gr\u00e8ce \u00e0 l\u2019<\/em>\u00e9poque classique<\/em>, edited by P. Brul\u00e9 and J. Oulhen, 149\u201372. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. Originally published in AJA <\/em>81 (1977) 323\u201339.
1<\/sup> Markle 1999, 162\u201365.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mendels, D. 1998. \u201cThe Polemical Character of Manetho\u2019s Aegyptiaca.\u201d In Identity, Religion, and Historiography: Studies in Hellenistic History<\/em>, 139\u201357. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha<\/em> Suppl. 24. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. Originally published in H. Verdin, G. Schepens, and E. De Keyser, eds., Purposes of History: Studies in Greek Historiography from the 4th to the 2nd Centuries B.C.<\/em> (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1990).
1<\/sup> Mendels 1998, 144\u201350.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preface, foreword, introduction, and similar parts of a book<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

de Montebello, P. 1988. Foreword to Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art<\/em>, by O.W. Muscarella, 7. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1<\/sup> de Montebello 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcock, S.E., and J.F. Cherry. 2004. Introduction to Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World<\/em>, edited by S.E. Alcock and J.F. Cherry, 1\u20139. Oxford: Oxbow.
1<\/sup> Alcock and Cherry 2004.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Journal Articles<\/summary>\n

Journal Article (with journal in the AJA Abbreviations)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pi\u00e9rart, M. 2006. \u201cTravaux de l\u2019\u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Ath\u00e9nes en 2005: Argos. L\u2019agora.\u201d BCH <\/em>130:708\u201313.
1<\/sup> Pi\u00e9rart 2006, 710\u201311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal Article (with journal not in the AJA Abbreviations)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goren, Y., and I. Segal. 1995. \u201cOn Early Myths and Formative Technologies: A Study of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Sculptures and Modeled Skulls from Jericho.\u201d Israel Journal of Chemistry<\/em> 35:155\u201365.
1<\/sup> Goren and Segal 1995, 161.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Journal with no volume number<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pichard, M.P. 1992. \u201cLa composition architecture des temples de Pagan.\u201d CRAI<\/em>:357\u201374.
1<\/sup> Pichard 1992, 372\u201373.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Book Reviews<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Papantoniou, G. 2011. Review of La Coroplastie chypriote archa\u00efque: Identit\u00e9s culturelles et politiques \u00e0 l\u2019<\/em>\u00e9poque des royaumes<\/em>, by S. Fourrier. BABesch <\/em>86:226\u201328.
1<\/sup> Papantoniou 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haselberger, L. 2008. \u201cRediscovering the Architecture of Alexandria.\u201d Review of The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, c. 300 B.C. to A.D. 700<\/em>, by J. McKenzie. JRA <\/em>21:703\u201312.
1<\/sup> Haselberger 2008, 710\u201311.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Unpublished Materials<\/summary>\n

Theses and Dissertations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palinkas, J. 2008. \u201cEleusinian Gateways: Entrances to the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis and the City Eleusinion in Athens.\u201d Ph.D. diss., Emory University.
1<\/sup> Palinkas 2008, 109\u201311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Papers Read at Meetings<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muhly, J.D. 2013. \u201cEastern Mediterranean Metallurgy in the Final Neolithic\/Late Chalcolithic: Crete Enters the International World.\u201d Paper read at the 114th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, 3\u20136 January, Seattle.
1<\/sup> Muhly 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Field Notebooks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lloyd, S. 1933\u20131934. \u201cThe Abu Temple Excavations.\u201d Unpublished field notebook. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
1<\/sup> Lloyd 1933\u20131934.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample Reference to Privately Printed Materials<\/summary>\n

Mommsen, T. 1883. Res gestae divi Augusti ex monumentis Ancyrano et Apolloniensi<\/em>. Berlin: Privately printed.
1<\/sup> Mommsen 1883, 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Auction Catalogues<\/summary>\n

Christie\u2019s. 2007. Antiquities<\/em>. Auction catalogue 1846. 8 June 2007, New York.
1<\/sup> Christie\u2019s 2007, cat. no. 25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f4tel Drouot. 1921. Collection Hirsch (premi\u00e8re vente): Orf\u00e8vrerie, bronzes, pierres, marbres, c\u00e9ramique et verrerie; trouvaille de Sala Consilina; ivories, enluminures, terres cuites<\/em>. Auction catalogue. 30 June\u20132 July 1921, Paris.
1<\/sup> H\u00f4tel Drouot 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Werke \u00e4gyptischer Kunst von der Fr\u00fchzeit bis zur Sp\u00e4tantike<\/em>. 1974. Auction catalogue 49. Basel: M\u00fcnzen und Medaillen A.G.
1 <\/sup>Werke \u00e4gyptischer Kunst 1974.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Maps<\/summary>\n

Single-Sheet Map<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

National Geographic Society. 1997. South Asia, with Afghanistan and Myanmar<\/em>. Map. Scale 1:7,345,000, 1″=116 miles. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
1<\/sup> National Geographic Society 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Map in a Series<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

United States Geological Survey. 1999. Southwest Maine. <\/em>Map. Version 4. Scale 1:40,000. Northeastern Topographic Series V-1. Reston, Va.: U.S. Department of the Interior.
1<\/sup> United States Geological Survey 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Sample References to Electronic Media<\/summary>\n

The works cited list entry is given first, followed by the note entry:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Home Page of a Website<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lavan, L., and A. Gering. 2009. Kent-Berlin Ostia Excavations<\/em>. http:\/\/lateantiqueostia.wordpress.com<\/a>.
1<\/sup> Lavan and Gering (2009) have recently designed a project to explore this topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Secondary Page of a Website<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lavan, L., and A. Gering. 2010, 26 November. \u201cBones Bring a New Story.\u201d Kent-Berlin Ostia Excavations<\/em>. http:\/\/lateantiqueostia.wordpress.com\/2010\/11\/26\/bones-bring-a-new-story<\/a>.
1<\/sup> Lavan and Gering 2010, 26 November.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Article in an Online Journal<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iverson, P. 2008, 3 September. \u201cVirtual Seminar on Some Unpublished Inscriptions from Corinth IX.\u201d Current Epigraphy<\/em>. www.currentepigraphy.org\/2008\/09\/03\/virtual-seminar-on-some-unpublished-inscriptions-from-corinth-ix<\/a>.
1<\/sup> They still remain unpublished, although Iverson (2008) offered a virtual seminar on the inscriptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Online Article PDF<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morony, M. 2008. \u201cShould Sasanian Iran Be Included in Late Antiquity?\u201d Sasanika<\/em>. www.sasanika.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/e-sasanika1-Morony4.pdf<\/a>.
1<\/sup> Morony 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Online Graphic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crane, G. 1990, May. The Perseus Project<\/em>. www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/image?img=Perseus:image:1990.20.0057<\/a>.
1<\/sup> The remains of the south wall of the propylon can be seen in Crane (1990).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Online Map<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

United States Geological Survey. 2006. 1 Arc Second scene SRTM_ffB03_p189r032, Filled Finished B<\/em>. Map. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. College Park, Md.: Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland. http:\/\/glcf.umd.edu\/data\/srtm\/.
1<\/sup> United States Geological Survey 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CD-ROM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duch\u00eane, H., and S. Girerd. 1998. Delos: A Database of Archaeological Images<\/em> (U.S. version). Translated by N.K. Rauh, R.F. Townsend, and J.C. Bednar. New York: Educagri \u00c9ditions.
1<\/sup> Duch\u00eane and Girerd (1998, fig. 4278) illustrate a Hellenistic bronze plaque from the Fountain of Minoe depicting Hekate at an altar.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

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